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International Journal of Social Psychiatry
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The Development of the Therapeutic Community in Correctional Establishments: A Comparative Retrospective Account of the ‘DEMOCRATIC’ Maxwell Jones TC and the Hierarchical Concept-Based TC in Prison

Stijn Vandevelde

Department of Orthopedagogics, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.stijn.vandevelde{at}UGent.be

Eric Broekaert

Department of Orthopedagogics, Ghent University, Belgium.

Rowdy Yates

Scottish Addiction Studies, Department of Applied Social Science, University of Stirling, Scotland

Martien Kooyman

Therapeutic Community Emiliehoeve, Den Haag, The Netherlands.

Background: The correction-based therapeutic community (TC) is one of the most described treatment modalities for (substance abusing) incarcerated offenders. The origins and development of the therapeutic community have been traced back to two independent traditions: the American hierarchical conceptbased TC and the British democratic Maxwell Jones-type TC. Both branches have developed independently, targeting different people and tackling diverse problems.

Aims: To demonstrate that there are clear and undeniable similarities between the ‘two’ prison-based therapeutic communities.

Method: A comparative historical review of the literature and a critical discussion and comparison.

Results: The links between the democratic and hierarchical therapeutic communities are summarised under five headings: social learning and behavioural modification; permissiveness and modelling; democracy and hierarchy; communalism and community as method; reality testing and ‘acting as if ’.

Conclusions: The ‘two’ correction-based therapeutic communities are on converging pathways. Far from being oppositional models, they can be regarded as being complementary.

Key Words: corrections • substance abuse • therapeutic community

International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol. 50, No. 1, 66-79 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/0020764004040954
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Home page
 Int J Offender Ther Comp CriminolHome page
S. Vandevelde, E. Broekaert, G. Schuyten, and G. Van Hove
Intellectual Abilities and Motivation Toward Substance Abuse Treatment in Drug-Involved Offenders: A Pilot Study in the Belgian Criminal Justice System
Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol, June 1, 2005; 49(3): 277 - 297.
[Abstract] [PDF]